Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis-Ekbom Disease, is a neurological disorder characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move the legs, usually due to an uncomfortable sensation. It typically happens in the evening or nighttime hours when you’re sitting or lying down. Moving eases the unpleasant feeling temporarily.
Causes
The exact cause of RLS is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve the following factors:- Genetic predisposition: RLS is often seen in families where the onset of symptoms is before age 40.
- Dopamine imbalances: Dopamine is a brain chemical that helps regulate muscle movement, and imbalances can contribute to RLS.
- Iron deficiency: Even without anemia, a low iron level in the brain can cause RLS.
- Pregnancy: Some women experience RLS during pregnancy, especially in the last trimester, though symptoms usually resolve on their own after delivery.
- Chronic diseases: Conditions such as kidney failure, diabetes, and peripheral neuropathy often include symptoms of RLS.
Symptoms
Symptoms of RLS include:- Uncomfortable sensations in the legs, often described as tingling, crawling, pulling, or throbbing.
- Urge to move the legs, particularly in response to sensations; relief with movement.
- Worsening of symptoms in the evening or night and during periods of inactivity.
- Sleep disturbances, which can lead to daytime drowsiness.
Diagnosis:
RLS is generally diagnosed based on clinical symptoms, medical and family history, medication review, and by ruling out other conditions. There are no specific tests for RLS, but tests may be done to rule out other conditions or to identify potential underlying factors (such as serum ferritin and iron levels to check for iron deficiency).Treatment:
Treatment for RLS may include:- Lifestyle changes and activities: Regular, moderate exercise; good sleep habits; and avoidance of caffeine, alcohol, and tobacco can help.
- Iron supplementation: If tests show iron deficiency.
- Medications:
- Dopamine agonists (such as pramipexole, ropinirole) are often first-line treatments.
- Gabapentin and pregabalin, particularly for patients with pain or those who have not responded to other treatments.
- Opioids and benzodiazepines may be used in severe cases when other treatments are ineffective.
- Leg massages, hot baths, or heating pads: Can provide temporary relief from discomfort.